Adriel Booker
Teaching kids body privacy, personal agency, and consent begins while they’re in diapers
American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP)
Practice Management Resources
Professional Tools and Resources for Child Abuse and Neglect
American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases and the Infectious Diseases Society of America (AASLD-IDSA)
(Accessed June 2025)
HCV Guidance: Recommendations for Testing, Managing, and Treating Hepatitis C
American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Emergency Contraception. Practice Bulletin No. 152, Reaffirmed 2022. 2010.
Emergency contraception, also known as postcoital contraception, is therapy …
Emergency contraception, also known as postcoital contraception, is therapy used to prevent pregnancy after an unprotected or inadequately protected act of sexual intercourse. Common indications for emergency contraception include contraceptive failure (eg, condom breakage or missed doses of oral contraceptives) and failure to use any form of contraception 1 2 3. Although oral emergency contraception was first described in the medical literature in the 1960s, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved the first dedicated product for emergency contraception in 1998. Since then, several new products have been introduced. Methods of emergency contraception include oral administration of combined estrogen–progestin, progestin only, or selective progesterone receptor modulators and insertion of a copper intrauterine device (IUD). Many women are unaware of the existence of emergency contraception, misunderstand its use and safety, or do not use it when a need arises 4 5 6. The purpose of this Practice Bulletin is to review the evidence for the efficacy and safety of available methods of emergency contraception and to increase awareness of these methods among obstetrician–gynecologists and other gynecologic providers.
American College of Radiology and Society for Pediatric Radiology
The ACR-SPR Practice Parameter for the Performance and Interpretation of Skeletal Surveys in Children - Rev. 2021.
American Medical Association
Current Procedural Terminology (CPT)
Arrowhead Forensics
Proper Use of AFBO Scales - May 2019.
Association for the Treatment of Sexual Abusers
They offer: Information library, conferences and training, and referrals for treatment.
atsa.com
Breuner CC, Mattson G. Sexuality Education for Children and Adolescents. Pediatrics. 2016; 138 (2).
Keywords: Adolescent, Child, Health Personnel, Humans, Pediatrics, Schools, *Sex Education, Sexual Abstinence
The purpose of this clinical report is to provide pediatricians updated …
The purpose of this clinical report is to provide pediatricians updated research on evidence-based sexual and reproductive health education conducted since the original clinical report on the subject was published by the American Academy of Pediatrics in 2001. Sexuality education is defined as teaching about human sexuality, including intimate relationships, human sexual anatomy, sexual reproduction, sexually transmitted infections, sexual activity, sexual orientation, gender identity, abstinence, contraception, and reproductive rights and responsibilities. Developmentally appropriate and evidence-based education about human sexuality and sexual reproduction over time provided by pediatricians, schools, other professionals, and parents is important to help children and adolescents make informed, positive, and safe choices about healthy relationships, responsible sexual activity, and their reproductive health. Sexuality education has been shown to help to prevent and reduce the risks of adolescent pregnancy, HIV, and sexually transmitted infections for children and adolescents with and without chronic health conditions and disabilities in the United States.
Bright Futures
Promoting Healthy Development of Sexuality and Gender Identity - July 2022.
Well-Child Care Toolkit, curriculum for pediatric providers
Tanner stage
CHAMP
Botash, AS. Decision Points 1-5 in the Evaluating Child Sexual Abuse course -
Botash AS. The Medical History Points 71&72 in the Evaluating Child Sexual Abuse course
Botash AS. The Medical Examination in the Evaluating Child Sexual Abuse course -
Botash AS. The Medical History in the Evaluating Child Sexual Abuse course
Evaluation Guidelines for Suspected Physical Abuse
Handout for the CHAMP webcast by Blair Hammond, Striving to Promote Early Relational Health and Child Development in the Healthcare Space. A Primary Preventive Model
How to Make a Child Abuse Report in New York State - 2024.
Practice Recommendation: Skeletal Survey. 2021
Test Your Knowledge Q22
Triage in Suspected Child and Adolescent Sexual Abuse or Other Sexual Offenses - 2024.
Center for Health Care Strategies
Words Matter: Strategies to Reduce Bias in Electronic Health Records
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). U.S. Medical Eligibility Criteria for Contraceptive Use, 2024. MMWR. Morbidity and mortality weekly report. 2024; 73 (4).
The 2024 U.S. Medical Eligibility Criteria for Contraceptive Use (U.S. MEC) …
The 2024 U.S. Medical Eligibility Criteria for Contraceptive Use (U.S. MEC) comprises recommendations for the use
of specific contraceptive methods by persons who have certain characteristics or medical conditions. These recommendations for
health care providers were updated by CDC after review of the scientific evidence and a meeting with national experts in Atlanta,
Georgia, during January 25–27, 2023. The information in this report replaces the 2016 U.S. MEC (CDC. U.S. Medical
Eligibility Criteria for Contraceptive Use, 2016. MMWR 2016:65[No. RR-3]:1–103). Notable updates include 1) the
addition of recommendations for persons with chronic kidney disease; 2) revisions to the recommendations for persons with certain
characteristics or medical conditions (i.e., breastfeeding, postpartum, postabortion, obesity, surgery, deep venous thrombosis or
pulmonary embolism with or without anticoagulant therapy, thrombophilia, superficial venous thrombosis, valvular heart disease,
peripartum cardiomyopathy, systemic lupus erythematosus, high risk for HIV infection, cirrhosis, liver tumor, sickle cell disease,
solid organ transplantation, and drug interactions with antiretrovirals used for prevention or treatment of HIV infection); and
3) inclusion of new contraceptive methods, including new doses or formulations of combined oral contraceptives, contraceptive
patches, vaginal rings, progestin-only pills, levonorgestrel intrauterine devices, and vaginal pH modulator. The recommendations
in this report are intended to serve as a source of evidence-based clinical practice guidance for health care providers. The goals
of these recommendations are to remove unnecessary medical barriers to accessing and using contraception and to support the
provision of person-centered contraceptive counseling and services in a noncoercive manner. Health care providers should always
consider the individual clinical circumstances of each person seeking contraceptive services. This report is not intended to be a
substitute for professional medical advice for individual patients; when needed, patients should seek advice from their health care
providers about contraceptive use.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). U.S. Selected Practice Recommendations for Contraceptive Use, 2024. MMWR. Morbidity and mortality weekly report. 2024; 73 (3).
The 2024 U.S. Selected Practice Recommendations for Contraceptive Use (U.S. SPR) …
The 2024 U.S. Selected Practice Recommendations for Contraceptive Use (U.S. SPR) addresses a selected group of common, yet sometimes complex, issues regarding initiation and use of specific contraceptive methods. These recommendations for health care providers were updated by CDC after review of the scientific evidence and a meeting with national experts in Atlanta, Georgia, during January 25–27, 2023. The information in this report replaces the 2016 U.S. SPR (CDC. U.S. Selected Practice Recommendations for Contraceptive Use, 2016. MMWR 2016;65[No. RR-4]:1–66). Notable updates include 1) updated recommendations for provision of medications for intrauterine device placement, 2) updated recommendations for bleeding irregularities during implant use, 3) new recommendations for testosterone use and risk for pregnancy, and 4) new recommendations for self-administration of injectable contraception. The recommendations in this report are intended to serve as a source of evidence-based clinical practice guidance for health care providers. The goals of these recommendations are to remove unnecessary medical barriers to accessing and using contraception and to support the provision of person-centered contraceptive counseling and services in a noncoercive manner. Health care providers should always consider the individual clinical circumstances of each person seeking contraceptive services. This report is not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice for individual patients; when needed, patients should seek advice from their health care providers about contraceptive use.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
About Adverse Childhood Experiences 2024
Developmental Milestones
National Center for Health Statistics, International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision (ICD-10)
Sexually Transmitted Infections Treatment Guidelines, 2021
Sexual Assault and Abuse STIs, Adolescents and Adults
Sexually Transmitted Infections (STI) Treatment Guidelines
Summary Chart of U.S. Medical Eligibility Criteria for Contraceptive Use (U.S. MEC)
Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS)
ICD-10 Codes
Child Abuse MD Appendices
Child Abuse MD Curbside Consults
Child Abuse MD
Directory of Child Abuse Agencies and Organizations. (n.d.)
Child Abuse Evaluation & Treatment for Medical Providers
- Chapter on Diagnosis: Physical Abuse
[NEED LINK]
- Appendix: Common Types of Diaphyseal Fractures
[NEED LINK]
- Curbside Consults
Child Welfare Information Gateway
Forensic Interviewing: A Primer for Child Welfare Professionals. 2023
Child Welfare Information Gateway. (2022). Definitions of child abuse and …
Child Welfare Information Gateway. (2022).
Definitions of child abuse and neglect. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Administration for Children and Families, Children's Bureau.
https://www.childwelfare.gov/topics/systemwide/laws-policies/statutes/define/.
State Statutes
US Department of Health and Human Services, 2018
The Risk and Prevention of Maltreatment of Children with Disabilities
Factsheet, April 2019, Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Health and Human
Services, Children’s Bureau.
Consent for medical care for those under age 18
Cyberbullying Research Center
They offer: Sexting: Advice for Teens
Darkness to Light
They offer: Training for schools and community organizations to help adults recognize signs of potential sexual misconduct, including their flagship program Stewards of Children®.
d2l.org
Defend Young Minds
Books, curriculum, guides and a newsletter to help raise empowered, resilient, screen-smart kids. Kids can learn to reject pornography.
Defend Young Minds: Kids can learn to reject pornography
Disability & Abuse Project
disability-abuse.com
Disability Day of Mourning
disability-memorial.org
Drugs that facilitate sexual abuse
Rohypnol: https://www.justice.gov/archive/ndic/pubs6/6074/index.htm and …
Enough Abuse
Enough! Preventing Child Sexual Abuse in My School
Supports schools and youth organizations seeking to strengthen their policies and practices to prevent child sexual abuse.
Safety S.T.A.R.S.
Straight Talk About Child Sexual Abuse: A Prevention Guide for Parents
They offer: Training for schools and community organizations to help adults recognize signs of potential sexual misconduct; on-line resources including guides for parents.
enoughabuse.org
Finkelhor D, Turner H, Colburn D. Prevalence of Online Sexual Offenses Against Children in the US. Jama Network Open. 2022; 5 (10) : e2234471.
Keywords: Adolescent, Child, *Child Abuse, Sexual, Erotica, Female, Humans, Male, Prevalence, Retrospective Studies, *Sexual Harassment, Young Adult
IMPORTANCE: Sexual abuse is increasingly facilitated by technology, but the …
IMPORTANCE: Sexual abuse is increasingly facilitated by technology, but the prevalence and dynamics of such offenses have not been well delineated, making it difficult to design prevention strategies. OBJECTIVE: To examine the frequency and characteristics of online and technology-facilitated sexual abuse against children and youth. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: In this nationally representative online survey study performed from November 19 to December 29, 2021, young adults aged 18 to 28 years were asked retrospectively about their childhood (<18 years) experiences of online and technology-facilitated abuse. The 2639 participants were sampled from an online panel. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: Participants were asked questions about 11 different kinds of online and technology-facilitated sexual abuse with follow-up questions about their dynamics and offenders. Prevalence rates were calculated for several cross-cutting concepts (online child sexual abuse, image-based sexual abuse, self-produced child sexual abuse images, nonconsensual sexting, online grooming by adults, revenge pornography, sextortion, and online commercial sexual exploitation). Survey weights were applied to obtain population prevalence estimates. RESULTS: A total of 2639 individuals (48.5% male, 49.8% female, and 1.8% other gender; 23.7% Hispanic, 12.6% non-Hispanic Black, 53.9% non-Hispanic White, 4.8% other race, and 5.0% ≥2 races) were surveyed. Childhood (before 18 years of age) prevalence rates were as follows: online child sexual abuse, 15.6% (SE, 1.0%); image-based sexual abuse, 11.0% (SE, 0.9%); self-produced child sexual abuse images, 7.2% (SE, 0.7%); nonconsensual sexting, 7.2% (SE, 0.7%); online grooming by adults, 5.4% (SE, 0.5%); revenge pornography, 3.1% (SE, 0.5%); sextortion, 3.5% (SE, 0.6%); and online commercial sexual exploitation, 1.7% (SE, 0.3%). The prime age of vulnerability across all categories was 13 to 17 years. Perpetrators in most categories were predominantly dating partners, friends, and acquaintances, not online strangers. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: The results of this national survey study suggest that a considerable portion of youth have experienced online child sexual abuse. Professionals planning prevention and intervention strategies for online sexual abuse should understand that dynamics include diverse episodes that are often extensions of dating abuse, sexual bullying, and sexual harassment, not only events perpetrated by adult internet predators.
Gewirtz-Meydan A, Finkelhor D. Sexual Abuse and Assault in a Large National Sample of Children and Adolescents. Child Maltreatment. 2020; 25 (2) : 203-214.
Keywords: Adolescent, Age Distribution, Child, Child Abuse, Sexual/ethnology/psychology/*statistics & numerical data, Child, Preschool, Fear, Female, Humans, Infant, Infant, Newborn, Male, Sex Distribution, Socioeconomic Factors, United States/epidemiology
The present study sought to examine features of sexual abuse cases among a U.S. …
The present study sought to examine features of sexual abuse cases among a U.S. nationally representative sample of 13,052 children and adolescents, ages 0-17 years. The National Survey of Children's Exposure to Violence was collected in three different years (2008, 2011, and 2014) via telephone interviews. Information about sexual abuse and assault was obtained from youth themselves (ages 10-17) or caregivers (for children ages 0-9) using the Juvenile Victimization Questionnaire. Results indicate most offenses are at the hands of other juveniles (76.7% for males and 70.1% for females), primarily acquaintances, and occurring more frequently for adolescents aged 14-17. Whereas girls are mostly abused by males (88.4%), boys are abused by both males (45.6%) and females (54.4%). In 15% of cases, penetration is part of the abuse. Victims report being very afraid in 37.5% of episodes but not at all afraid in 19.8%. Among 10- to 17-year-olds, 66.3% of episodes are not reported to parents or any adult. Police reports occur for 19.1% of all cases. The results in the present study indicate that children and youth are exposed to sexual abuse and assault in varied ways, which require moving beyond conventional stereotypes of the problem.
Goldberg AP, Moore JL, Houck C, Kaplan DM, Barron CE. Domestic Minor Sex Trafficking Patients: A Retrospective Analysis of Medical Presentation.
Journal of Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology. 2017; 30 (1) : 109-115.
Epub 2016
Keywords: Adolescent, *Attitude of Health Personnel, Awareness, Child, Child Abuse, Sexual/*diagnosis/psychology, Emergency Service, Hospital, Female, *Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice, Homeless Youth/psychology, Hospitals, Pediatric, Human Trafficking/*psycho
STUDY OBJECTIVE: To describe the clinical characteristics of patients …
STUDY OBJECTIVE: To describe the clinical characteristics of patients referredfor domestic minor sex trafficking (DMST) to improve identification andintervention. DESIGN: Retrospective cohort study. SETTING: The Lawrence A. Aubin,Sr Child Protection Center at Hasbro Children's Hospital where patients areevaluated by child abuse pediatricians in outpatient, emergency department, andinpatient settings. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 41 patients younger than the age of18 years referred for the evaluation of DMST involvement between August 1, 2013and March 30, 2015. INTERVENTIONS AND MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: We collecteddemographic, social-environmental, medical, and psychiatric variables from themedical records of patients referred for evaluation who have self-disclosed, beenreported with evidence, and/or have histories that place them at high risk forDMST involvement. RESULTS: Children had frequent contact with medical providers,with 81% seen in the year before referral for DMST. Childhood maltreatment andfamily dysfunction were identified (sexual abuse, 21/37 or 57%; parentalsubstance abuse, 22/37 or 60%) in the 41 patients. Children had medical problems(eg, sexually transmitted infection, 13/41 or 32%), psychiatric needs (eg, acutesuicidality, 8/41 or 20%; at least 1 previous psychiatric admission, 19/41 or46%), and substance use (36/41 or 88%). Although 26/41 (63%) had runaway and17/41 (42%) lived in a group home placement, 28/41 (68%) currently lived at homeand 29/41 (71%) presented with a parent/guardian or relative. CONCLUSION:Children referred for DMST present frequently to physicians and have complexmedical and psychiatric needs. Medical providers' increased awareness of thishealth issue would inform victim identification and intervention.
Greenbaum J, Crawford-Jakubiak JE. Child sex trafficking and commercial sexual exploitation: health care needs ofvictims. Pediatrics. 2015; 135 (3) : 566-74.
Keywords: Child, Child Abuse, Sexual/*legislation & jurisprudence/statistics & numerical data, Health Services Needs and Demand/*legislation & jurisprudence, Human Trafficking/*legislation & jurisprudence, Humans, *Public Health, Sexual Behavior, United States
Child sex trafficking and commercial sexual exploitation of children (CSEC) …
Child sex trafficking and commercial sexual exploitation of children (CSEC) aremajor public health problems in the United States and throughout the world.Despite large numbers of American and foreign youth affected and a plethora ofserious physical and mental health problems associated with CSEC, there islimited information available to pediatricians regarding the nature and scope ofhuman trafficking and how pediatricians and other health care providers may helpprotect children. Knowledge of risk factors, recruitment practices, possibleindicators of CSEC, and common medical and behavioral health problems experiencedby victims will help pediatricians recognize potential victims and respondappropriately. As health care providers, educators, and leaders in childadvocacy, pediatricians play an essential role in addressing the public healthissues faced by child victims of CSEC. Their roles can include working toincrease recognition of CSEC, providing direct care and anticipatory guidancerelated to CSEC, engaging in collaborative efforts with medical and nonmedicalcolleagues to provide for the complex needs of youth, and educating child-servingprofessionals and the public.
HIV and PEP Laws and Guidelines
HIV
Public Health Law, Article 27-F New York State Confidentiality Law and …
HealthyChildren.org
Sexual Behaviors in Young Children: What’s Normal, What’s Not? 2023
Hong S, Lu N, Wu D, Jimenez DE, Milanaik RL. Digital sextortion: Internet predators and pediatric interventions. Current Opinion in Pediatrics. 2020; 32 (1) : 192-197.
Keywords: Child, Child Abuse, Sexual/legislation & jurisprudence/*psychology, Coercion, Correspondence as Topic, Crime Victims/legislation & jurisprudence/*psychology, Cyberbullying/*psychology, Humans, *Internet/legislation & jurisprudence, Minors/legislation & ju
PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Sextortion is defined as the act of coercing people into …
PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Sextortion is defined as the act of coercing people into sending explicit images of themselves and subsequently blackmailing victims with the public release of said images. Prosecutions of sextortion cases involving minors have increased almost two-fold in the past 5 years. The purpose of this review is to explore the literature regarding the behavior of both victims and perpetrators, the effects on victims, and the support resources available for clinicians, victims, and parents. RECENT FINDINGS: Sextortion begins as an unassuming request for personal pictures and quickly escalates. Minors targeted by predators fear both punishment by guardians and the social consequences that follow the release of their explicit pictures. This cycle of victimization endangers minors and may lead to mental health problems, such as anxiety and depression. Recently, sextortion cases have risen to the forefront of national attention through the mainstream media with celebrities revealed as both perpetrators and victims. This higher visibility of sextortion highlights the importance of reviewing recent research regarding minors and their online behavior and the tactics of perpetrators. SUMMARY: Sextortion, an extreme form of cyber abuse, endangers minors and may lead to anxiety and depression. Pediatricians should be familiar with the concept of sextortion and discuss its dangers and available resources with parents and minors.
Howell JO, Flowers D. Prepubertal Vaginal Bleeding: Etiology, Diagnostic Approach, and Management. Obstetrical & Gynecological Survey. 2016; 71 (4) : 231-42.
Keywords: Age Factors, Child, Child, Preschool, Disease Management, Female, Gynecological Examination, Humans, Infant, Uterine Hemorrhage/diagnosis/*etiology/therapy
IMPORTANCE: Prepubertal vaginal bleeding outside the neonatal period is always …
IMPORTANCE: Prepubertal vaginal bleeding outside the neonatal period is always abnormal and is very alarming to parents. A variety of practitioners, including obstetrician-gynecologists and pediatricians, may be asked to see patients with this presenting complaint, yet many do not receive adequate training in pediatric gynecology. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION: Review of the published literature in PubMed, focusing on the last 20 years, regarding the incidence, etiologies, diagnosis, and management strategies for the common causes of prepubertal vaginal bleeding. RESULTS: Careful history taking and pediatric-specific gynecological examination skills, including awareness of normal anatomy across the age spectrum and the ability to identify an estrogenized hymen, are keys to the appropriate assessment of this clinical problem. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: Prepubertal vaginal bleeding has many causes and requires a thorough targeted history and pediatric genitourinary examination, requiring knowledge of the variants of normal pediatric genitourinary anatomy. Most causes can be easily treated and are less likely to be due to sexual abuse or malignancy.
Imaging Technology News
Pediatric Imaging. January 26, 2018.
FDA Releases New Guidance on Children's X-ray Exams
Internet Watch Foundation
They offer: An anonymous online reporting service for child sexual abuse images & videos. This organization works globally.
www.iwf.org.uk
It’s time we talked
They offer: Tip sheets to help parents support their young people navigate the influence of pornography.
itstimewetalked.podia.com/parent-resources
Kimberlin DW, Banerjee R, Barnett ED, Lynfield R, Sawyer MH.
Red Book: 2024–2027 Report of the Committee on Infectious Diseases. American Academy of Pediatrics. 2024; Chapter: Group A Streptococcal Infections
DOI.
ISBN: 978-1-61002-737-3
For more than 85 years, health care professionals have “referred to the Red …
For more than 85 years, health care professionals have “referred to the Red Book” for trustworthy guidance on pediatric infectious disease prevention, management, and control. The new 33rd edition continues this tradition of distinction with the latest clinical guidance on the manifestations, etiology, epidemiology, diagnosis, and treatment of more than 200 childhood infectious diseases.
Legal Information Institute, Cornell University
Laws of the fifty states, District of Columbia and Puerto Rico governing the emancipation of minors
Legality of Female Circumcision
In 2008, the World Health Assembly passed resolution WHA61.16 on the …
In 2008, the World Health Assembly passed resolution
WHA61.16 on the elimination of female genital mutilation. FGM is a crime under federal law except in circumstances where it is deemed necessary to the health of the person on whom it is performed and when performed by a medical practitioner (
18 USC §116: Female genital mutilation) In New York State, female genital mutilation is a felony Class E offense. According to
New York Penal Code §130.85, it is the excision, circumcision or infibulation of any part of the clitoris or labia of a girl who is younger than eighteen years of age.
Lobo M, Smith JA, Gall JA. Challenging the Myth That the Sexually Abused Female Child Must Have Genital Injuries. Journal of Law and Medicine. 2022; 29 (1) : 270-278.
Keywords: Child, *Child Abuse, *Child Abuse, Sexual/diagnosis, Female, Genitalia, Humans, Puberty
This article aims to define and describe female genital anatomy, the changes …
This article aims to define and describe female genital anatomy, the changes that occur in the genitalia during growth and puberty, and during sexual response and intercourse. It elaborates the reasons for normal genital examination findings in most female children who have been sexually abused and explains why the absence of findings of genital trauma should not be used to challenge the credibility of the child's history of sexual abuse.
Madigan S, Villani V, Azzopardi C, Laut D, Smith T, Temple JR, Browne D, Dimitropoulos G. The Prevalence of Unwanted Online Sexual Exposure and Solicitation Among Youth: A Meta-Analysis. The Journal of Adolescent Health : Official Publication of the Society for Adolescent Medicine. 2018; 63 (2) : 133-141.
Keywords: Adolescent, *Erotica, Humans, *Internet, Sex Factors, *Sexual Behavior
PURPOSE: The objective of this meta-analysis was to provide a synthesis of …
PURPOSE: The objective of this meta-analysis was to provide a synthesis of studies examining the prevalence of unwanted online exposure and solicitation of a sexual nature among youth, and to determine if prevalence varies by youth age, gender, year of study data collection, or study geographical location. METHOD: Eligible studies from January 1990 to January 2016 were identified utilizing a comprehensive search strategy. Included studies examined the prevalence of unwanted online exposure and solicitation in youth who ranged from 12 to 16.5 years. Two independent coders extracted all relevant data. Random-effects meta-analyses were used to derive mean prevalence rates. RESULTS: Thirty-one (37,649 participants) and nine (18,272 participants) samples were included in the syntheses on unwanted online sexual exposure and solicitation, respectively. For online exposure, the mean prevalence rate was 20.3% (95% confidence interval: 17.1-23.4). For online solicitation, the mean prevalence rate was 11.5% (95% confidence interval: 9.4-13.6). Moderator analyses indicated that prevalence rates for unwanted online exposure and solicitation have decreased over time. Prevalence varied as a function of gender (solicitations were higher for males), but not age or geographical location. CONCLUSIONS: Approximately one in five youth experience unwanted online exposure to sexually explicit material and one in nine youth experience online sexual solicitation. Educational campaigns to raise awareness of Internet risks and safety strategies are warranted.
Melmer MN, Gutovitz S. Child Sexual Abuse and Neglect. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2024. StatPearls [Internet]. 2023.
Sexual abuse of children is the involvement of children or adolescents in …
Sexual abuse of children is the involvement of children or adolescents in sexual activities that he or she does not fully understand and can include exhibitionism, fondling, oral-genital contact, and rectal or vaginal penetration. By adulthood, 26% of girls and 5% of boys experience sexual abuse. It is the healthcare provider's responsibility to advise the parents unless they are suspected of abuse and enlist help from other medical specialists or child protective services. A variety of nonspecific presenting symptoms including but not limited to pain, anogenital bleeding, vaginal/urethral discharge, dysuria, urinary tract infection, sexualized behavior, and suicidality are possible. It is also common for the initial presentation of suspected sexual abuse in the absence of any physical symptoms. In such cases, it is important to be mindful that the assailant is often an individual that is close to the victim, such as a close relative or even the parent. All patients presenting within 72 hours of the suspected abuse or presenting with any concerning symptoms should be evaluated emergently, preferably by a sexual assault nurse examiner or child abuse pediatrician if available. In those presenting without symptoms and greater than 72 hours following the suspected abuse, specialized outpatient follow-up should be arranged for further evaluation and treatment. A good understanding of state-specific legislation regarding consent and treatment of minors is essential when treating victims of child sexual abuse.
NC Detect - North Carolina Department of Health and Human Services
North Carolina Disease Event Tracking and Epidemiologic Collection Tool (NC DETECT)
What are E-codes and why are they important?
National Center for Missing and Exploited Children
-
They offer: Resources and materials for the public and professionals.
-
In addition, www.takeitdown.ncmec.org, a free service that helps victims remove or stop the online sharing of nude, partially or sexually explicit images taken of minors.
ncmec.org
-
They offer: A wide range of resources for parents as well as professionals.
- Including, Net Smartz Kids, an activity site for kids about being safer online. https://www.netsmartzkids.org.
- In addition, a free service that helps victims remove or stop the online sharing of nude, partially or sexually explicit images taken of minors https://takeitdown.ncmec.org.
ncmec.org
National Center on the Sexual Behavior of Youth
Your Guiding Principles
They offer: Information, resources, and support to help children move forward towards a healthier and happier future.
www.ncsby.org/parents-caregivers
National Child Traumatic Stress Network
They offer: Resources, information and training on multiple types of child traumatic stress, including violence and abuse.
nctsn.org
National Children’s Alliance
Standards for Accreditation of Child Advocacy Centers
National Coalition to Prevent Child Sexual Abuse and Exploitation
They offer: A National Plan to prevent child sexual abuse and exploitation; resources for professionals.
preventtogether.org
National Coordinator for Health IT
(21st Century Cures Act). This rule supports seamless and secure access, exchange, and use of electronic health information.
ONC’s Cures Act Final Rule
New York City - Administration for Children's Services
What is Child Abuse/Neglect?
New York Civil Liberties Union
Reference card: Minors and rape crisis treatment 2006
Teenagers, healthcare and the law: A guide to the law on minors' rights in New York State. 3rd edition, 2018.
New York State Association of County Health Officials (NYSACHO)
Directory of County Health Offices
New York State Department of Health
The New York State Early Intervention Program (EIP) is part of the national Early Intervention Program for infants and toddlers with disabilities and their families.
Early Intervention Program
New York State Department of Health Aids Institute
HIV Testing and Acute HIV
New York State Division of Criminal Justice - Evidence Collection
New York State Initiative to Prevent Child Sexual Abuse
Child Sexual Exploitation Online brochure for parents
Healthy Sexual Development brochure for kids of different ages -
nypreventsexabuse.org
New York State Laws
NY State Sanitary Code Title 10 § 2.1
Describes the hospital requirements for evidence collection
Public Health Law § 2805-i
Social Services Law - SOS § 412
Family Court Law
Family Court Act - FCT § 1024. Describes taking a …
New York State Laws - Hepatitis C
New York State Office of Children and Family Services
2025 New York State Child Protective Services Manual, Chapter 14: Definitions of abuse and maltreatment. 2022, June.
2022-CPS-Manual-Ch14-2022Jun.pdf
Per the New York State Office of Children and Family Services Mandated Reporter definitions of neglect:
The minimum degree of care standard does not necessarily equate to optimal parenting.... When determining whether the minimum degree of care was taken, we must consider whether the parent was financially able to provide for the child or was offered financial or other means to do so. Remember, poverty in and of itself, is not maltreatment or abuse.
Downloaded March 25, 2025.
Definitions of Maltreatment and Abuse/Neglect
Mandated Reporter Resource Center
NYS-2025-CPS-Manual.pdf
New York State Resources on Drug-Assisted Sexual Assault
Drug facilitated sexual assault evidence collection kit https://www.templater …
Newlin C, Steele LC, Chamberlin A, Anderson J, Kenniston J, Russell A, Stewart H, Vaughan-Eden V. Child Forensic Interviewing: Best Practices. U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs. Juvenile Justice Bulletin. 2015; (September).
This bulletin consolidates the current knowledge of professionals from several …
This bulletin consolidates the current knowledge of professionals from several
major forensic interview training programs on best practices for interviewing
children in cases of alleged abuse. The authors discuss the purpose of
the child forensic interview, provide historical context, review overall
considerations, and outline each stage of the interview in more detail.
Among the topics that the authors discuss are the following:
• No two children will relate their experiences in the same way or
with the same level of detail and clarity. Individual characteristics,
interviewer behavior, family relationships, community influences,
and cultural and societal attitudes determine whether, when, and
how they disclose abuse.
• The literature clearly explains the dangers of repeated questioning
and duplicative interviews; however, some children require more
time to become comfortable with the process and the interviewer.
• Encouraging children to give detailed responses early in the
interview enhances their responses later on.
• Forensic interviewers should use open-ended questions and should
allow for silence or hesitation without moving to more focused
prompts too quickly. Although such questions may encourage
greater detail, they may also elicit potentially erroneous responses if
the child feels compelled to reach beyond his or her stored memory.
Northeast Regional Children’s Advocacy Center
Minimal Facts Guidelines - 2023.
Reading R, Hughes G, Hill J, Debelle G. Genital herpes in children under 11 years and investigations for sexual abuse. Archives of Disease in Childhood. 2011; 96 (8) : 752-7.
Keywords: Child, Child Abuse, Sexual/*diagnosis/statistics & numerical data, Child Welfare/statistics & numerical data, Child, Preschool, Female, Herpes Genitalis/epidemiology/*transmission/virology, Herpesvirus 1, Human/isolation & purification, Herpesvirus 2, Hum
OBJECTIVE: The implications for sexual abuse investigation of genital herpes in …
OBJECTIVE: The implications for sexual abuse investigation of genital herpes in a child are uncertain because of a lack of good quality research evidence. The incidence, presenting features, history of exposure, indicators of child maltreatment and outcomes of child protection investigations in children with genital herpes are described. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Ascertainment of all cases of genital herpes in children <11 years of age first presenting to paediatricians in the UK and Ireland from April 2007 to April 2009 conducted through the British Paediatric Surveillance Unit. RESULTS: 23 cases were notified. The incidence of confirmed and all reported cases was 0.091 and 0.13 per 100,000 children per year, respectively. Of the 16 virologically confirmed cases, 12 were female, 11 were <5 years of age, 14 had herpes simplex type 1, eight were tested for other sexually transmitted infections (STIs), and only one had a full STI screen. Three cases had other clinical features suggestive of sexual abuse. Six cases were referred for child protection investigation, but no sexual abuse was substantiated. CONCLUSIONS: Genital herpes in children under 11 years is rare. Almost a third of children diagnosed with genital herpes did not have appropriate virological investigation and few were screened for other STIs. Around a quarter of cases were referred to child protection agencies for further investigation, which limits any inferences in this study about mode of transmission in children. Sexual abuse guidance should emphasise the need for thorough assessment and investigation in cases of genital herpes in children.
Sege RD, Siegel BS. Effective Discipline to Raise Healthy Children. Pediatrics. 2018; 142 (6).
Keywords: Child, *Child Behavior, Child Behavior Disorders/*prevention & control/psychology, Child Rearing/*psychology, Humans, *Parent-Child Relations, Parenting/*psychology, Parents/*psychology, Reinforcement, Psychology, *Societies, Medical
Pediatricians are a source of advice for parents and guardians concerning the …
Pediatricians are a source of advice for parents and guardians concerning the management of child behavior, including discipline strategies that are used to teach appropriate behavior and protect their children and others from the adverse effects of challenging behavior. Aversive disciplinary strategies, including all forms of corporal punishment and yelling at or shaming children, are minimally effective in the short-term and not effective in the long-term. With new evidence, researchers link corporal punishment to an increased risk of negative behavioral, cognitive, psychosocial, and emotional outcomes for children. In this Policy Statement, the American Academy of Pediatrics provides guidance for pediatricians and other child health care providers on educating parents about positive and effective parenting strategies of discipline for children at each stage of development as well as references to educational materials. This statement supports the need for adults to avoid physical punishment and verbal abuse of children.
Sex Wise Parent
Resources for parents to help them communicate with their children about sex.
sexwiseparent.com
Stop It Now
Prevention Tools
Tip Sheet: Behaviors to Watch for When Adults Are With Children
Tip Sheet: Create A Family Safety Plan
They offer: Parent tip sheets on multiple aspects of prevention and intervention
stopitnow.org
The Image Gently Alliance
A coalition of healthcare organizations dedicated to providing safe, high-quality pediatric imaging worldwide.
imagegently.org
The Royal College of Radiologists and The Society and College of Radiographers
Radiological Investigation of Suspected Physical Abuse in Children. 2018
The SAFER Society
They offer: Publications and continuing education ‘rooted in the latest empirical research’ to equip professionals to address sexual and social violence.
safersociety.org
US Center for SafeSport
Provides free, short trainings for parents and guardians that provide information and tools to keep kids safe.
Helping Parents Prevent Abuse
US Department of Health & Human Services - Office on Women's Health
Female Genital Cutting
US Department of Health & Human Services - Head Start
Individualized Family Service Plans (IFSPs) Tips - May 2025.
US Department of Health & Human Services
The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA)
What's OK?
They offer: The opportunity for a teen to text, chat or email questions about their own sexual thoughts and interests.
whatsok.org
Wolak J, Finkelhor D, Mitchell KJ, Ybarra ML. Online “Predators” and their Victims: Myths, Realities and Implications for Prevention and Treatment. The American Psychologist. 2008; 63 (2) : 111-28.
Keywords: Adolescent, Child, Child Abuse, Sexual/*prevention & control, Crime/*prevention & control, *Crime Victims, Humans, *Internet
The publicity about online "predators" who prey on naive children using …
The publicity about online "predators" who prey on naive children using trickery and violence is largely inaccurate. Internet sex crimes involving adults and juveniles more often fit a model of statutory rape--adult offenders who meet, develop relationships with, and openly seduce underage teenagers--than a model of forcible sexual assault or pedophilic child molesting. This is a serious problem, but one that requires approaches different from those in current prevention messages emphasizing parental control and the dangers of divulging personal information. Developmentally appropriate prevention strategies that target youths directly and acknowledge normal adolescent interests in romance and sex are needed. These should provide younger adolescents with awareness and avoidance skills while educating older youths about the pitfalls of sexual relationships with adults and their criminal nature. Particular attention should be paid to higher risk youths, including those with histories of sexual abuse, sexual orientation concerns, and patterns of off- and online risk taking. Mental health practitioners need information about the dynamics of this problem and the characteristics of victims and offenders because they are likely to encounter related issues in a variety of contexts.
World Health Organization
Traditional medicine has a long history of contributing to conventional medicine and continues to hold promise
Zuckerbrot RA, Cheung AH, Jensen PS, Stein RE, Laraque D. Guidelines for Adolescent Depression in Primary Care (GLAD-PC): I. Identification, assessment, and initial management. Pediatrics. 2007; 120 (5) : e1299-312.
Keywords: Adolescent, Adult, Child, Depressive Disorder/*diagnosis/psychology/*therapy, Disease Management, Humans, Primary Health Care/*methods/*standards
OBJECTIVES: To develop clinical practice guidelines to assist primary care …
OBJECTIVES: To develop clinical practice guidelines to assist primary care clinicians in the management of adolescent depression. This first part of the guidelines addresses identification, assessment, and initial management of adolescent depression in primary care settings. METHODS: By using a combination of evidence- and consensus-based methodologies, guidelines were developed by an expert steering committee in 5 phases, as informed by (1) current scientific evidence (published and unpublished), (2) a series of focus groups, (3) a formal survey, (4) an expert consensus workshop, and (5) draft revision and iteration among members of the steering committee. RESULTS: Guidelines were developed for youth aged 10 to 21 years and correspond to initial phases of adolescent depression management in primary care, including identification of at-risk youth, assessment and diagnosis, and initial management. The strength of each recommendation and its evidence base are summarized. The identification, assessment, and initial management section of the guidelines includes recommendations for (1) identification of depression in youth at high risk, (2) systematic assessment procedures using reliable depression scales, patient and caregiver interviews, and Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition criteria, (3) patient and family psychoeducation, (4) establishing relevant links in the community, and (5) the establishment of a safety plan. CONCLUSIONS: This part of the guidelines is intended to assist primary care clinicians in the identification and initial management of depressed adolescents in an era of great clinical need and a shortage of mental health specialists but cannot replace clinical judgment; these guidelines are not meant to be the sole source of guidance for adolescent depression management. Additional research that addresses the identification and initial management of depressed youth in primary care is needed, including empirical testing of these guidelines.
